Capturing the energy of the external environment using the avalanche mode

2025-05-15

Capturing the energy of the external environment using the avalanche mode. This experiment continues the study of the avalanche mode of a bipolar transistor, started in works. It is also related to experiment, where a similar effect was observed in a half-bridge circuit. However, in the previous experiments one important phenomenon was missing - the amplification of the output power due to the energy of the medium. As it turned out, this becomes possible when the supply pulse has a high rate of rise of the front , which in this case is achieved using the avalanche effect. . In this note, we will conduct an experiment, consider the conditions for its implementation and the element base required for this, and at the end of the work we will obtain a working device for demonstrating the effect of energy capture from the medium. . To make the experiment visual, let's first consider the principle that allows two identical bulbs connected in series to light up with different brightness. This way we will get acquainted with another interesting effect. Its circuit is shown in Figure 14a, where an autotransformer LATR is connected in series with an incandescent bulb LM0 in a 0 V network. A second exactly the same bulb LM0 is connected to its secondary adjustable winding. By adjusting the voltage with the knob of this transformer, we can find a position at which LM0 will glow several times brighter than LM0. This point is easy to explain, since voltage transformation occurs with the help of VVT. . In the next experiment we will see a similar principle, but the difference in the brightness of the bulbs will be even more noticeable. This phenomenon will be more difficult to explain using classical physics, since there will be no transformation in it. We discussed this in detail a little . .

The circuit in Figure 14b works as follows. Capacitor C0 is charged through the circuit from L0-LM0 from the power source Up. When the avalanche breakdown is reached, transistor VT0 opens sharply and all the energy stored in this capacitor is dissipated on lamp LM0. Due to very fast transient processes, lamp LM0 should glow many times brighter than LM0, although there is no inductive-transformer connection between them. This moment is found by adjusting resistor R0 . . Connecting the antenna and grounding. Having obtained the first effect, which is rather strange from the classical point of view, we will move on to the second one, which we should obtain as a result of this experiment. This can be done by connecting the WA0 antenna to the X0 terminal of the circuit . The antenna can be a piece of wire from 0 meters long, stretched in length. By connecting and disconnecting such an antenna, and simultaneously adjusting R0, you need to achieve the maximum difference in the glow of the bulbs. An even greater difference can be obtained if you connect the GND ground to the X0 terminal of the circuit. The author managed to increase the glow power of the bulbs by 0-50%. . Attention! This experiment can emit a large noise spectrum into the air, so this connection option can only be used for research purposes. . We will get slightly less efficiency if we limit ourselves to connecting only the ground to the circuit . But in this connection we will not have to worry about radiation in the radio range. This option is recommended for further use. . The effect should manifest itself with any grounding, but its quality significantly affects the result. Sheet grounding is more effective than pin grounding. In the first case, the connection to the ground occurs due to the area of the metal sheet, and not the depth of the pin. . Also, it is necessary to talk about the power source Up, it must be galvanically isolated from the network and from the ground, otherwise we may not achieve the effect we need. According to the author, it appears as a result of a sharp pulse front, and therefore a large bias current, which in turn creates a static charge in the circuit. This charge should not flow immediately into the network or ground, but must first pass through the load. This is the effect of increasing the brightness of light bulbs. . In this regard, we can recall the patents of Nikola Tesla, who proposed a device and method for receiving radiant energy [1-2]. Our circuit proposes an improvement of this principle by creating a static charge capable of attractingopposite charges from the environment. . Attention! All elements of the circuit in Figures 14d and 15b are under high voltage. In circuits 14c and 15a, the antenna WA0 is under the same voltage. Observe electrical safety regulations when working with these devices. . Working device. Using the developments from our previous experiments, we can assemble a working sample of the device to demonstrate the effect of energy capture from the environment. Figure 0 shows two variations of this circuit: with the antenna and grounding connected, and with only the grounding connected. Compared to the previous version, there is no LM0 lamp here, which transfers all the additional energy to the LM0 lamp. .

As before, the first more effective option is undesirable to use due to the radio interference it creates. The circuit option in Fig. 15b can be considered more optimal. As before, the best operating mode can be set by adjusting the resistance of resistor R0. .

Figures 0 and 0 show oscillograms of the processes of this circuit. In photo 0, the blue beam shows the signal amplitude at the junction of L0 and C0, and the yellow beam shows the emitter of transistor VT0. Photo 0 shows the moment of pulse rise on load LM0 . Measurements are made relative to the minus of the power supply. . About the element base. A few words should be said separately about the choke L0. It is necessary for the correct excitation of the avalanche mode and should be at least 0 mH inductance, with the minimum possible throughput capacity. Primary windings of network transformers or chokes for long fluorescent lamps are well suited. Also, chokes of network filters have proven themselves to be quite good, but they must be connected in series so that the inductance of the two windings is maximum. . About lamps LM0 and LM0. As was said earlier, these should be two absolutely identical lamps at . Usually, these are used in refrigerators. Their low power is related to the power of transistor VT0, which can heat up even with such a relatively low load power. This transistor must be placed on a small radiator. . The optimal transistor VT0 for this circuit was , or its brothers and . Other similar brands did not show the required efficiency. . The power supply PW1 for high voltage Up, as already mentioned, must be galvanically isolated from the network and from ground. To obtain the required AC voltage of about 0-250 V , you can use any inverter.

The author chose a that converts 0 V DC to 0 V AC. This module has several pins for installing a jumper that allows you to select different output voltages. The jumper was set to 0 V, but you can experiment with other settings. . The selected converter already has a diode bridge for rectifying the output voltage. Together with the capacitor C0, it gives the output the 0 volts we need. The converter can be connected to a 12V adapter, but it is better to use a 12V battery. This will allow you to fully unleash the potential of the circuit, since the battery is isolated from the network. With the battery, it will no longer be possible to attribute the effect to the capacitive connection of the circuit with the network or groundniy. . Conclusions. Energy capture from the environment is carried out using a bias current generated by pulses with a sharp rise front, about 0 V/ns. In this experiment, this became possible due to the avalanche mode of operation of the bipolar transistor. At such a rate of pulse rise, a noticeable electric charge is formed in the circuit, which attracts charges of the opposite sign from the environment. Passing through the load LM0 , they form an additional current, which increases the brightness of these bulbs. A kind of current amplifier is obtained. . The effect of capturing the energy of the environment depends on the following factors, and is more pronounced:

the higher the rate of rise of the pulse;
the higher the magnitude of the amplitude value of the pulse.

Single high-voltage pulses with a high rate of rise and very short duration, without damped oscillations, are ideal for these purposes. The tail of damped oscillations carries exclusively energy losses. . Further improvement of the energy capture circuit from the environment can be associated with obtaining such idealized pulses, with a high front and fall speed, and with their higher amplitude. This can be done by cascading the circuit and using more specialized avalanche transistors, which will heat up less and hold more power. Also, modern avalanche diodes may become an interesting direction. . . . .