2026-07-04
Geometric origin of the Lorentz factor and the energy invariant
In previous work it was shown that the Lorentz factor [1] arises as a norm of the natural state of an infinitely split space. If successive orthogonal channels are scaled by the same factor \(\beta=v/c\), then the full deep state takes the form
\[\tag{1} \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}=\boldsymbol{\xi}_0+\beta\boldsymbol{\xi}_1+\beta^2\boldsymbol{\xi}_2+\cdots, \] and its length is
\[\tag{2} \left\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\right\|=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}=\gamma. \] This result explains the geometric origin of the full value \(\gamma\). However, in the practical formulas of Wave Electricity, the internal state and external motion are described by a finite operator.
\[\tag{3} J(a,b)=\j^a(-\j)^b. \] Therefore, the following question arises: how does the deep metric length \(\gamma\) manifest itself in the normalized finite operator \(J(a,b)\), whose modulus remains unity? Below, it will be shown that the operator \(J\) encodes not the length \(\gamma\) itself, but its inverse projection.
\[\tag{4} \cos(\pi b)=\frac{1}{\gamma}. \] After a separate physical mapping, this projection defines the ratio of the rest energy to the total energy, while the orthogonal projection \(\sin(\pi b)=\beta\) defines the ratio of the momentum energy to the total energy. As a result, the standard relativistic invariant arises as the conservation of the length of the corresponding energy vector.
This article is a continuation of the paper "Origin of the Lorentz Factor from Infinite Idempotent Splitting." The former paper obtained the quantity \(\gamma\) from deep geometry, and the present one shows its representation in the finite operator \(J\) and the transition to energy and momentum.
1. Two Levels of Geometric Description
To properly understand the result, it is necessary to distinguish two spaces. The first is the finite phase space of the operator \(J(a,b)\). It consists of two independent complex idempotent planes and describes the internal phase and external state of the motion. The second is a deeply split space containing a countable set of orthogonal channels \(\boldsymbol{\xi}_n\).
These spaces correspond to different objects and different norms:
\[\tag{5} J\overline J=1, \qquad \left\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\right\|=\gamma. \] The first equality denotes the identity of the final phase state. The second defines the full metric length of a self-similar state in the space of deep orthogonal channels. Therefore, the equalities \(J\overline J=1\) and \(\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\|=\gamma\) do not contradict each other: they refer to different levels of geometry.
The relationship between the levels can be represented by the following sequence:
\[\tag{6} \boxed{ \begin{gathered} \text{deep splitting}\longrightarrow\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\longrightarrow\gamma\text{finite operator }J(a,b)\longrightarrow\cos(\pi b)=1/\gamma. \end{gathered} } \] Thus, the deep structure creates the full length \(\gamma\), and the end operator represents the associated normalized projection.
2. A Brief Result of Infinite Splitting
We recall only that part of the previous derivation that is necessary for this paper. Let the deep space have an orthonormal basis.
\[\tag{7} \boldsymbol{\xi}_n\boldsymbol{\cdot}\boldsymbol{\xi}_m=\delta_{nm}, \qquad n,m=0,1,2,\ldots \] and reproduces itself after extracting the first direction. If the transition to the next level is accompanied by the coefficient \(\beta\), the natural self-similar state satisfies the recursive equation
\[\tag{8} \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}=\boldsymbol{\xi}_0+\beta S\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}, \] where \(S\boldsymbol{\xi}_n=\boldsymbol{\xi}_{n+1}\) is the transition operator to the next orthogonal level. Due to the orthogonality of the initial direction and the translated copy of space,
\[\tag{9} \left\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\right\|^2=1+\beta^2\left\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\right\|^2. \] Following
\[\tag{10} \boxed{ \left\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\right\|=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}=\gamma, \qquad |\beta|<1. } \] This equality requires not only the presence of idempotents, but also an additional metric, orthonormality of deep directions, self-similarity of the residual space, and a single transition coefficient \(\beta\). Therefore, the Lorentz factor arises at a deep metric level, and not from just a finite circular projection.
3. Finite Operator of Internal State and External Motion
The basis of the finite phase space are two mutually complementary idempotents:
\[\tag{11} \ep^2=\ep, \qquad \em^2=\em, \qquad \ep\em=0, \qquad \ep+\em=1. \] Their difference forms a hyperbolic unit.
\[\tag{12} \j=\ep-\em, \qquad \j^2=1. \] On the principal branches of the logarithm, the continuous powers \(\j\) and \(-\j\) have the form
\[\tag{13} \j^a=\ep+\em e^{i\pi a}, \qquad (-\j)^b=\ep e^{i\pi b}+\em. \] Their product forms a complete finite operator:
\[\tag{14} \boxed{ J(a,b)=\j^a(-\j)^b=\ep e^{i\pi b}+\em e^{i\pi a}. } \] Parameter \(a\) describes the internal periodic state, and parameter \(b\) describes the external motion:
\[\tag{15} a=\varpi t, \qquad \omega_{\mathrm{int}}=\pi\varpi, \qquad b=\frac{\arcsin\beta}{\pi}, \qquad \beta=\frac{v_s}{c}. \] Here \(v_s=ds/dt\) is the velocity of the center of state along the oriented curvilinear coordinate \(s\). Two idempotent planes of the operator are phase components of a single state. They cannot be directly identified with the coordinate planes of observable physical space.
Complex conjugation changes the signs of both phases, therefore
\[\tag{16} J(a,b)\overline{J(a,b)}=\ep+\em=1. \] The unity of the operator means the conservation of its finite phase norm, but does not assert that the physical energy of the particle is numerically equal to unity.
4. Phase Velocity and Observed Motion
The model uses the notation
\[\tag{17} V_J(t)=cJ(t). \] It refers to the full phase-geometric dynamics of constant norm. The quantity \(V_J\) is not the usual three-dimensional velocity of the particle's center. The observed translational motion is obtained only after isolating the external parameter:
\[\tag{18} \mathcal P_{\mathrm{ext}}[J]=\sin(\pi b)=\beta. \] After mapping onto the tangent to the physical trajectory, we obtain
\[\tag{19} \boxed{ \mathbf v=c\beta\widehat{\boldsymbol{\tau}}(s), \qquad \mathbf r(t)=\mathbf r\bigl(s(t)\bigr). } \] Thus, the multicomponent internal state does not violate the local one-dimensionality of physical motion. At each instant, the particle's center moves along a single tangent \(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\), although its full state contains several independent phase channels.
5. Representation of the deep norm in the J operator
From the definition of the external parameter, it follows immediately
\[\tag{20} \sin(\pi b)=\beta. \] On the main branch \(0\leqslant b<1/2\), the orthogonal circular projection is
\[\tag{21} \cos(\pi b)=\sqrt{1-\beta^2}. \] But deep geometry has already given
\[\tag{22} \gamma=\left\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\right\|=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}. \] Therefore, an exact correspondence arises between the two levels:
\[\tag{23} \boxed{ \cos(\pi b)=\frac{1}{\gamma}=\frac{1}{\left\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\right\|}. } \] Or, in reverse form,
\[\tag{24} \boxed{ \gamma=\left\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\right\|=\frac{1}{\cos(\pi b)}. } \] Now the meaning of the formula differs significantly from the previous interpretation. The Lorentz factor does not simply arise as the reciprocal of the circular projection. Its full magnitude is already formed by a deep self-similar structure, while the final external phase encodes the normalized value \(1/\gamma\).
Therefore, the two projections of the final external state can be written as
\[\tag{25} \boxed{ \sin(\pi b)=\beta, \qquad \cos(\pi b)=\frac{1}{\gamma}, \qquad \beta^2+\frac{1}{\gamma^2}=1. } \] 6. From Geometric Projections to Energy and Momentum
To transition from dimensionless geometry to observable physical quantities, a separate mapping must be introduced. Let us associate two normalized energy ratios with two orthogonal external projections: \[\tag{26} \boxed{ \frac{E_0}{E}=\cos(\pi b), \qquad \frac{pc}{E}=\sin(\pi b). } \]
Here \(E\) is the total energy of the moving particle, \(E_0\) is its rest energy, and \(p\) is the relativistic momentum. Formula (26) is a physical representation of the model. It does not follow from idempotent algebra alone, but once adopted, the geometric projections acquire a direct energetic meaning.
Using formula (23), from the first part of (26) we obtain
\[\tag{27} \frac{E_0}{E}=\frac{1}{\gamma}, \] where
\[\tag{28} \boxed{ E=\gamma E_0. } \] The second projection yields
\[\tag{29} \frac{pc}{E}=\beta. \] Substituting formula (28) here, we find
\[\tag{30} \boxed{ pc=\gamma\beta E_0. } \] If the rest energy is (E_0=mc^2), then
[tag{31} \boxed{ E=gamma mc^2, qquad p=gamma mv. } \] Thus, the deep norm defines the general relativistic scale, the finite operator defines its normalized projections, and the physical mapping converts these projections into energy and momentum.
7. Energy Invariant
We square both sides of formulas (26) and add:
\[\tag{32} \left(\frac{E_0}{E}\right)^2+\left(\frac{pc}{E}\right)^2=\cos^2(\pi b)+\sin^2(\pi b)=1. \] After multiplying by \(E^2\), we obtain
\[\tag{33} E_0^2+p^2c^2=E^2. \] Therefore,
\[\tag{34} \boxed{ E^2-p^2c^2=E_0^2=m^2c^4. } \] The energy invariant turns out to be a physical mapping of the Pythagorean theorem for two orthogonal projections of a normalized external state. The minus sign in the standard notation appears after moving the momentum term to the left-hand side of the equality.
However, the source of the factor \(\gamma\) itself now lies deeper than this trigonometric identity. The identity describes a finite representation, and the infinite splitting explains why the total metric length of the state is precisely \(1/\sqrt{1-\beta^2}\).
8. Connection with Hyperbolic Rapidity
In special relativity, motion is conveniently parameterized by rapidity [2]
\[\tag{35} \eta=\operatorname{artanh}\beta. \] For the hyperbolic unit \(\j^2=1\), the corresponding exponent is
\[\tag{36} e^{\eta\j}=\cosh\eta+\j\sinh\eta. \] Since
\[\tag{37} \cosh\eta=\gamma, \qquad \sinh\eta=\gamma\beta, \] the circular parameter \(b\) and the hyperbolic rapidity \(\eta\) are related by the relations
\[\tag{38} \boxed{ \beta=\sin(\pi b)=\tanh\eta, } \] \[\tag{39} \boxed{ \gamma=\frac{1}{\cos(\pi b)}=\cosh\eta, } \] \[\tag{40} \boxed{ \gamma\beta=\tan(\pi b)=\sinh\eta. } \] The phase power \((-\j)^b\) cannot be identified with the hyperbolic exponential \(e^{\eta\j}\). The former is a single circular rotation in the complex idempotent plane. The latter represents a hyperbolic boost. They are related through a single physical velocity \(\beta\), but are different mathematical operations.
9. The External Lorentz Factor and the Origin of Mass
The external factor \(\gamma(\beta)\) describes the motion of an already formed particle. It does not explain the origin of its rest energy. The mass source in the model is associated with an internal periodicity specified by the parameter \(a\).
The electron is assumed to have an internal transverse Doppler mapping.
\[\tag{41} \omega_C=\alpha_{\mathrm{fs}}\omega_{\mathrm{int}}, \qquad m_ec^2=\hbar\omega_C=\alpha_{\mathrm{fs}}\hbar\omega_{\mathrm{int}}. \] After adding external motion, the total energy of the electron becomes
\[\tag{42} E=\gamma(\beta)m_ec^2. \] Therefore, it is necessary to strictly distinguish between two factors:
\[\tag{43} \boxed{ \begin{aligned} \alpha_{\mathrm{fs}}&:\quad \text{internal projection generating rest energy}\gamma(\beta)&:\quad \text{external metric length of the state of motion}. \end{aligned} } \] Changing the external exponent \(b\) does not require changing the internal exponent \(a\). Therefore, accelerating a particle changes its total energy and momentum, but does not transform its rest energy into a function of the laboratory velocity:
\[\tag{44} E_0=mc^2=\operatorname{const}, \qquad E=\gamma E_0, \qquad pc=\gamma\beta E_0. \] The fine-structure constant \(\alpha_{\mathrm{fs}}\) and the inverse external Lorentz factor \(1/\gamma\) can both act as projection coefficients, but relate to different processes. The former is associated with the formation of the electron's rest energy, while the latter is associated with the external motion of an already formed state.
10. Energy balance during acceleration
The unit norm of the operator \(J\) does not mean that the laboratory energy of a particle remains unchanged during acceleration. The physical conservation law applies to a complete closed system, including the internal state, external motion, and the source of action:
\[\tag{45} \boxed{ E_{\mathrm{int}}+E_{\mathrm{motion}}+E_{\mathrm{source}}=\operatorname{const}. } \] If an external field or other source accelerates a particle,Its energy increase is provided by the work of this source:
\[\tag{46} \Delta E_{\mathrm{particle}}=-\Delta E_{\mathrm{source}}. \] Therefore, the increase in \(E=\gamma E_0\) is not an energy increase due to geometric normalization. Geometry determines the relationship between energy, momentum, and velocity, whereas a real increase in the particle's energy requires a corresponding decrease in the energy of the external source.
11. The Speed of Light Limit
For a massive particle, \(E_0>0\). As the speed approaches the speed of light,
\[\tag{47} \beta\longrightarrow1, \qquad b\longrightarrow\frac12, \qquad \cos(\pi b)\longrightarrow0. \] At the ultimate level, this means
\[\tag{48} \gamma=\frac{1}{\cos(\pi b)}\longrightarrow\infty. \] At the deepest level, the same limit has a more meaningful interpretation. The coefficients of the sequence
\[\tag{49} 1,\;\beta,\;\beta^2,\;\beta^3,\ldots \] stop decreasing, so the state no longer has a finite norm:
\[\tag{50} \left\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\right\|^2=1+\beta^2+\beta^4+\cdots\longrightarrow\infty. \] Therefore, for a massive particle
\[\tag{51} \boxed{ m>0, \quad v\longrightarrow c \quad\Longrightarrow\quad E=\gamma mc^2\longrightarrow\infty. } \] The light branch must be considered separately as a state with zero rest energy:
\[\tag{52} \boxed{ m=0, \qquad E=|p|c. } \] This does not mean that ordinary acceleration gradually converts a massive particle into a photon. The massive localized state and the free light branch have different physical organizations. For the first, achieving \(v=c\) requires infinite energy, while the second initially has no rest energy.
12. What is derived from geometry and what is introduced physically
In this construction, it is necessary to distinguish three levels of the result.
From a finite idempotent algebra, the following immediately follow:
\[\tag{53} J\overline J=1, \qquad \sin(\pi b)=\beta, \qquad \cos(\pi b)=\sqrt{1-\beta^2}. \] From the deep splitting, together with the introduced metric and self-similarity, it follows:
\[\tag{54} \left\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\right\|=\gamma. \] An additional physical mapping is the correspondence:
\[\tag{55} \frac{E_0}{E}=\cos(\pi b), \qquad \frac{pc}{E}=\sin(\pi b). \] After adopting mapping (55), the standard relativistic expressions follow unambiguously:
\[\tag{56} E=\gamma E_0, \qquad pc=\gamma\beta E_0, \qquad E^2-p^2c^2=E_0^2. \] Thus, the article offers a geometric representation of relativistic kinematics within Wave Electricity, but does not present the chosen physical mapping as a consequence of algebra alone.
13. Final geometric scheme
The complete sequence can be represented in a compact form:
\[\tag{57} \boxed{ \begin{gathered} \text{deep splitting}+\text{metric}+\text{self-similarity} \longrightarrow \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta},\\ \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}=\{1,\beta,\beta^2,\ldots\}, \qquad \left\|\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\beta}\right\|=\gamma,\\ \gamma=\frac{1}{\cos(\pi b)}, \qquad \beta=\sin(\pi b),\\ \frac{E_0}{E}=\frac{1}{\gamma}, \qquad \frac{pc}{E}=\beta,\\ E=\gamma E_0, \qquad pc=\gamma\beta E_0,\\ E^2-p^2c^2=E_0^2. \end{gathered} } \] If the motion of the neutral state splits, the first separation manifests as energy and momentum projections. If the motion of the two-sheeted charge component splits, that same first level manifests as electric and magnetic branches.
The infinitely split space explains the origin of the full metric length \(\gamma\). The finite operator \(J(a,b)\) represents this deep state through two normalized outward projections \(1/\gamma\) and \(\beta\). After physical mapping, they become ratios of the rest energy and momentum energy to the total energy.
As a result, the Lorentz factor occupies a strictly defined place in the model hierarchy. It is not a norm of the finite operator \(J\), does not create mass, and does not describe the internal projection \(\alpha_{\mathrm{fs}}\). It represents the total length of a self-similar deep state associated with the external motion of the particle. The finite operator encodes the reciprocal of this length, and the energy invariant arises as a physical mapping of the orthogonality of its external projections.
Materials used
- Wikipedia. Lorentz factor.
- Wikipedia. Rapidity.

